PHOTOPERIODISM: REFERENCES

Abraham, U., U. Albrecht, and R. Brandstätter 1993. Hypothalamic circadian organization in birds. II. Clock gene expression. Chronobiology International 20: 657-669.

Abraham, U., A.E. Granada, P.O. Westermark, M. Heine, A. Kramer, and H. Herzel 2010. Coupling governs entrainment range of circadian clocks. Molecular Systems Biology 6: 438.

Aire, T.A. 2007. Spermatogenesis and testicular cycles. In B.J.M. Jamieson (ed.) Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Birds, Part A: Phylogeny, Morphology, Hormones, Fertilization Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny, ed. B.J.M. Jamieson (Science Publishers: Enfield, NH), Ch. 7, pp. 279-347.

Aschoff, J. 1951. Messung der lokomotorischen Aktivität von Mäusen mittels mechanischer Gleichrichter. Pflügers Archiv 254: 262-266.

——— 1960. Exogenous and endogenous components in circadian rhythms. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 25: 11-28.

——— 1980. Biological clocks in birds. In R. Nöhring (ed.) Acta XVII Congressus internationalis ornithologici, Berlin 5.-11.VI.1978 (Verlag der deutschen Ornithologen-gesellschaft: Berlin), I, pp. 113-136.

Assenmacher, I. 1973. Reproductive endocrinology: the hypothalamo-hypophysial axis. In D.S. Farner (ed.) Breeding Biology of Birds: Proceedings of a Symposium on Breeding Behavior and Reproductive Physiology in Birds, Denver, Colorado February 1972 (National Academy of Sciences: Washington, DC), pp. 158-208.

Baker, J.R. 1938 The evolution of breeding seasons. In G.R. de Beer (ed.) Evolution: Essays on Aspects of Evolutionary Biology Presented to E.S. Goodrich (Clarendon Press: Oxford, England), pp. 161-177.

Ball, G.F., and G.E. Bentley 1999. Neuroendocrine mechanisms mediating the photoperiodic regulation of seasonal reproduction in birds. In K. Wallen and J.E. Schneider (eds.) Reproduction in Context: Social and Environmental Influences on Reproduction, pp. 129-158.

Ball, G.F., and E.D. Ketterson 2008. Sex differences in the response to environmental cues regulating seasonal reproduction in birds. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 363: 231-246.

Beaupré, C.E., C.J. Tressler, S.J. Beaupré, J.L.M. Morgan, W.G. Bottje, and J.D. Kirby 1997. Determination of testis temperature rhythms and effects of constant light on testicular function in the Domestic Fowl (Gallus domesticus). Biology of Reproduction 56: 1570-1575.

Bentley, G.E. 2001. Unraveling the enigma: The role of melatonin in seasonal processes in birds. Microscopy Research and Technique 53: 63-71.

Bentley, G.E., K. Tsutsui, and J.C. Wingfield 2007. Endocrinology of reproduction. In B.J.M. Jamieson (ed.) Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Birds, Part A: Phylogeny, Morphology, Hormones, Fertilization Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny, ed. B.J.M. Jamieson (Science Publishers: Enfield, NH), Ch. 5, pp. 181-242.

Beuerlein, M., X. Wang, M. Moreau, J. Raso, J. Mahood, and K. Bagnall 2001. Development of scoliosis following pinealectomy in young chickens is not the result of an artifact of the surgical procedure. Microscopy Research and Technique 53: 81-86.

Blache, D., R.T. Talbot, M.A. Blackberry, K.M. Williams, G.B. Martin, and P.J. Sharp 2001. Photoperiodic control of the concentration of luteinizing hormone, prolactin and testosterone in the male Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), a bird that breeds on short days. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 13: 998-1006.

Blanco, J., D.M. Bird, and J.H. Samour 2007. Physiology: C. Reproductive. In D.M. Bird and K.L. Bildenstein (eds.) Raptor Research and Management Techniques (Hancock House Publishers: Surrey, BC and Blaine, WA), pp. 286-292.

Bowles, H.L. 2006. Evaluating and treating the reproductive system. In G.J. Harrison and T.L. Lightfoot (eds.) Clinical Avian Medicine (Spix Publishing, Inc.: Palm Beach, FL), I, Ch. 18, pp. 519-539.

Brandstätter, R., and U. Abraham 2003. Hypothalamic circadian organization in birds. I. Anatomy, functional morphology, and terminology of the suprachiasmatic region. Chronobiology International 20: 637-655.

Cassone, V.M., and Takashi Yoshimura 2015. Circannual cycles and photoperiodism. In C.G. Scanes (ed.) Sturkie’s Avian Physiology. 6th ed. (Academic Press: San Diego, CA), Ch. 35, pp. 829-845.

Cassone, V.M., and V. Kumar 2015. Circadian rhythms. In C.G. Scanes (ed.) Sturkie’s Avian Physiology. 6th ed. (Academic Press: San Diego, CA), Ch. 34, pp. 811-827.

Cassone, V.M., J.S. Takahashi, C.D. Blaha, R.F. Lane, and M. Menaker 1986. Dynamics of noradrenergic circadian input to the chicken pineal gland. Brain Research 384: 334-341.

Cassone, V.M., and D.F. Westneat 2012. The bird of time: cognition and the avian biological clock. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience 5: 1-8.

Cavé, A.J. 1968. The breeding of the Kestrel, Falco tinnunculus, in the reclaimed area of Oostelijk Flevoland. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 18: 313-407.

Chaturvedi, C.M. 1984. Effect of Melatonin on the adrenal and gonad of the Common Mynah, Acridotheres tristis. Australian Journal of Zoology 32: 803-809.

Cooper, M.L., G.E. Pickard, and R. Silver 1983. Retinohypothalamic pathway in the dove demonstrated by anterograde HRP. Brain Research Bulletin 10: 715-718.

Crews, D. (ed.) 1987. Psychobiology of Reproductive Behavior: An Evolutionary Perspective (Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, N.J.).

Davis, S.J. 2002. Photoperiodism: the coincidental perception of the season. Current Biology 12: R841-R843.

Dawson, A. 1997. Circannual rhythms in starlings. In S. Harvey and R.J. Etches (eds.) Perspectives in Avian Endocrinology (Wiley-Blackwell: Bristol, England), pp. 149-158.

——— 1997. Plasma-luteinizing hormone and prolactin during circannual rhythms of gonadal maturation and molt in male and female European Starlings. Journal of Biological Rhythms 12: 371-377.

Dawson, A. 2007. Seasonality in a temperate zone bird can be entrained by near equatorial photoperiods. Proceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological sciences 274: 721-725.

——— 2008. Control of the annual cycle in birds: endocrine constraints and plasticity in response to ecological variability. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 363: 1621-1633.

Dawson, A., and A.R. Goldsmith 1997. Changes in gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH-I) in the pre-optic area and median eminence of starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) during the recovery of photosensitivity and during photostimulation. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 111: 1-6.

Dawson, A., V.M. King, G.E. Bentley, and G.F. Ball 2001. Photoperiodic control of seasonality in birds. Journal of Biological Rhythms 16: 365-380.

Dawson, A., and F.J. McNaughton 1993. Circannual rhythms in starlings: response of castrated birds to 12-hr days depends on photoperiodic history. Journal of Biological Rhythms 8: 141-150.

Dawson, A., and P.J. Sharp 2007. Photorefractoriness in birds–photoperiodic and non-photoperiodic control. General and Comparative Endocrinology 153: 378-384.

Deguchi, T. 1979. A circadian oscillator in cultured cells of chicken pineal gland. Nature 282: 94-96.

Dunn, I.C., and P.J. Sharp 1999. Photo-induction of hypothalamic gonadotrophin releasing hormone-I mRNA in the domestic chicken: a role for oestrogen? Journal of Neuroendocrinology 11: 371-375.

Etches, R.J. 1986. Calcium logistics in the laying hen. Journal of Nutrition 117: 619-628.

——— 1990. The ovulatory cycle of the hen. Critical Review in Poultry Biology 2: 293-318.

Evans, H.E., and J.B. Heiser 2004. What’s inside: anatomy and physiology. In S. Podulka, J. Ronald W. Rohrbaugh and R. Bonney (eds.) Handbook of Bird Biology, 2nd ed. (Cornell Lab of Ornithology: Ithaca, NY), Ch. 4, pp. 4-1 – 4-162.

Farner, D.S. 1970. Predictive functions in the control of annual cycles. Environmental Research 3: 119-131.

Fejér, Z., P. Röhlich, Á. Szél, C. Dávid, A. Zádori, M. João Manzano, and B. Vígh 2001. Comparative ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the avian pineal organ. Microscopy Research and Technique 53: 12-24.

Follett, B.K. 1973. The neuroendocrine regulation of gonadotropin secretion in avian reproduction. In D.S. Farner (ed.) Breeding Biology of Birds: Proceedings of a Symposium on Breeding Behavior and Reproductive Physiology in Birds, Denver, Colorado February 1972 (National Academy of Sciences: Washington, DC), pp. 209-261.

Foster, R.G., and T. Roenneberg 2008. Human responses to the geophysical daily, annual and lunar cycles. Current Biology 18: R784-R794.

Gaston, S., and M. Menaker 1968. Pineal function: the biological clock in the sparrow? Science 160: 1125-1127.

Gill, F.B. 2007. The annual cycles of birds. In Ornithology (W. H. Freeman and Company: New York), Ch. 9, pp. 245-271.

Gwinner, E. 1996. Circadian and circannual programmes in avian migration. The Journal of Experimental Biology 199: 39-48.

——— 2003. Circannual rhythms in birds. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 13: 770-778.

Gwinner, E. 1986. Circannual Rhythms: Endogenous Annual Clocks in the Organization of Seasonal Processes. Zoophysiology, 18 (Springer-Verlag: Berlin and Heidelberg).

Gwinner, E., and R. Brandstätter 2001. Complex bird clocks. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 256: 1801-1810.

Gwinner, E., and M. Hau 2000. The pineal gland, circadian rhythms, and photoperiodism. In G.C. Whittow (ed.) Sturkie’s Avian Physiology. 5th ed. (Academic Press: San Diego, CA), Ch. 21, pp. 557-568.

Gwinner, E., M. Hau, and S. Heigl 1997. Melatonin: Generation and Modulation of Avian Circadian Rhythms. Brain Research Bulletin 44: 439-444.

Gwinner, E., and A. Scheuerlein 1998. Seasonal changes in day-light intensity as a potential zeitgeber of circannual rhythms in equatorial Stonechats. Journal of Ornithology 139: 407-412.

——— 1999. Photoperiodic responsiveness of equatorial and temperate-zone Stonechats. The Condor 101: 347-359.

Hagelin, J.C. 2007. Odors and Chemical Signaling. In B.J.M. Jamieson (ed.) Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Birds, Part B: Sexual Selection, Behavior, Conservation, Embryology, Genetics Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny, ed. B.J.M. Jamieson, Ch. 3, pp. 85-130.

Hahn, T.P., and S.A. MacDougall-Shackleton 2008. Adaptive specialization, conditional plasticity and phylogenetic history in the reproductive cue response systems of birds. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 363: 267-286.

Hahn, T.P., H.E. Watts, J.M. Cornelius, K.R. Brazeal, and S.A. MacDougall-Shackleton 2009. Evolution of environmental cue response mechanisms: adaptive variation in photorefractoriness. General and Comparative Endocrinology 163: 193-200.

Haldar, C., and K.S. Bishnupuri 2001. Comparative view of pineal gland morphology of nocturnal and diurnal birds of tropical origin. Microscopy Research and Technique 53: 25-32.

Hau, M. 2001. Timing of breeding in variable environments: tropical birds as model systems. Hormones and Behavior 40: 281-290.

Hau, M., N. Perfito, and I.T. Moore 2008. Timing of breeding in tropical birds: mechanisms and evolutinary implications. Ornitologia Neotropical 19: 61-67.

Hau, M., M. Wikelski, H. Gwinner, and E. Gwinner 2004. Timing of reproduction in a Darwin’s finch: temporal opportunism under spatial constraints. Oikos 106: 489-500.

Hau, M., M. Wikelski, and J.C. Wingfield 1998. A neotropical forest bird can measure the slight changes in tropical photoperiod. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 265: 89-95.

Hazlerigg, D. 2009. Circannual Rhythms. In M.D. Binder, N. Hirokawa and U. Windhorst (eds.) Encyclopedia of Neuroscience (Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg).

Hudelson, K.S. 1996. A review of the mechanisms of Avian reproduction and their clinical applications. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 5: 189-198.

Hudelson, K.S., and P. Hudelson 1996. A brief review of the female avian reproductive cycle with special emphasis on the role of prostaglandins and clinical applications. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 10: 67-74.

——— 2006. Endocrine considerations. In G.J. Harrison and T.L. Lightfoot (eds.) Clinical Avian Medicine (Spix Pub.: Palm Beach, FL), II, Ch. 19, pp. 541-557.

Immelmann, K. 1973. Role of the environment in reproduction as a source of “predictive” information. In D.S. Farner (ed.) Breeding Biology of Birds: Proceedings of a Symposium on Breeding Behavior and Reproductive Physiology in Birds, Denver, Colorado February 1972 (National Academy of Sciences: Washington, DC), pp. 121-157.

Jacobs, J.D., and J.C. Wingfield 2000. Endocrine control of life-cycle stages: a contrast on response to the environment? The Condor 102: 35-51.

James, F.C., and H.H. Shugart 1974. The phenology of the nesting season of the American Robin (Turdus migratorius) in the United States. The Condor 76.

Jamieson, B.J.M. (ed.) 2007. Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Birds, Part A: Phylogeny, Morphology, Hormones, Fertilization. Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny, ed. B.J.M. Jamieson (Science Publishers: Enfield, NH).

——— (ed.) 2007. Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Birds, Part B: Sexual Selection, Behavior, Conservation, Embryology, Genetics. Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Birds, ed. B.J.M. Jamieson (Science Publishers: Enfield, NH).

Johnson, A.L. 2015. Reproduction in the female. In C.G. Scanes (ed.) Sturkie’s Avian Physiology. 6th ed. (Academic Press: San Diego, CA), Ch. 28, pp. 635-665.

Johnson, A.L., and D.C. Woods 2007. Ovarian dynamics and follicle development. In B.J.M. Jamieson (ed.) Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Birds, Part A: Phylogeny, Morphology, Hormones, Fertilization Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny, ed. B.J.M. Jamieson (Science Publishers: Enfield, NH), Ch. 6, pp. 243-277.

Kumar, V., J.C. Wingfield, A. Dawson, M. Ramenofsky, S. Rani, and P. Bartell 2010. Biological clocks and regulation of seasonal reproduction and migration in birds. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 83: 827-835.

MacDougall-Shackleton, S.A., and T.P. Hahn 2007. Adaptation and evolution of photoperiod response systems in birds. Journal of Ornithology 148: 219-224.

MacDougall-Shackleton, S.A., T.J. Stevenson, H.E. Watts, M.E. Pereyra, and T.P. Hahn 2009. The evolution of photoperiod response systems and seasonal GnRH plasticity in birds. Integrative and Comparative Biology 49: 580-589.

Malecki, I.A., G.B. Martin, P.J. O’Malley, G.T. Meyer, R.T. Talbot, and P.J. Sharp 1998. Endocrine and testicular changes in a short-day seasonally breeding bird, the emu Dromaius novaehollandiae, in southwestern Australia. Animal Reproduction Science 53: 143-155.

McWilliams, S., E. Adkins-Regan, and C. Vleck 2016. Bird physiology. In I.J. Lovette and J.W. Fitzpatrick (eds.) Handbook of Bird Biology. 3rd ed. (Cornell University: Cornell, NY), Ch. 7, pp. 215-262.

Meijer, T., C. Deerenberg, S. Daan, and C. Dijkstra 1992. Egg-laying and photorefractoriness in the European Kestrel Falco tinnunculus. Ornis Scandinavica 23: 405-410.

Merrow, M., and T. Roenneberg 2009. Chronobiology. In M.D. Binder, H. N. and U. Windhorst (eds.) Encyclopedia of Neuroscience (Springer: Berlin and Heidelberg), pp. 718-720.

Mishra, I., and V. Kumar 2016. Role of pineal and melatonin in the avian circadian photoperiodic systems. Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction 20: 38-45.

Montgomerie, R., and S.M. Doucet 2007. Courtship and copulation. In B.J.M. Jamieson (ed.) Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Birds, Part B: Sexual Selection, Behavior, Conservation, Embryology, Genetics Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny, ed. B.J.M. Jamieson (Science Publishers: Enfield, NH), Ch. 6, pp. 161-238.

Nicholls, T.J., A.R. Goldsmith, and A. Dawson 1988. Photorefractoriness in birds and comparison with mammals. Physiological Reviews 68: 133-176.

Noirault, J., J.P. Brillard, and M.R. Bakst 2006. Spermatogenesis in the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): quantitative approach in immature and adult males subjected to various photoperiods. Theriogenology 65: 845-859.

Ohta, M., C. Kadota, and H. Knoishi 1989. A role of melatonin in the initial stage of photoperiodism in the Japanese Quail. Biology of Reproduction 40: 935-941.

Oishi, T., M. Yamao, C. Kondo, Y. Haida, A. Masuda, and S. Tamotsu 2001. Multiphotoreceptor and multioscillator system in avian circadian organization. Microscopy Research and Technique 53: 43-47.

Okano, T., and Y. Fukada 2001. Photoreception and circadian clock system of the chicken pineal gland. Microscopy Research and Technique 53: 72-80.

Ouyang, J.Q., P.J. Sharp, A. Dawson, M. Quetting, and M. Hau 2011. Hormone levels predict individual differences in reproductive success in a passerine bird. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278: 2537-2545.

Reed, W.L., and M.E. Clark 2011. Beyond maternal effects in birds: responses of the embryo to the environment. Integrative and Comparative Biology 51: 73-80.

Ritchie, B.W., G.J. Harrison, and L.R. Harrison (eds.) 1994. Avian Medicine: Principles and Application (Wingers Pub.: Lake Worth, Fla.).

Roenneberg, T., R. Hut, S. Daan, and M. Merrow 2010. Entrainment concepts revisited. Journal of Biological Rhythms 25: 329-339.

Sato, T. 2001. Sensory and endocrine characteristics of the avian pineal organ. Microscopy Research and Technique 53: 2-11.

Scanes, C.G. 2000. Introduction to endocrinology: Pituitary gland. In G.C. Whittow (ed.) Sturkie’s Avian Physiology. 5th ed. (Academic Press: San Diego, CA), Ch. 16, pp. 437-460.

Schwab, R.G. 1971. Circannian testicular periodicity in the European Starling in the absence of photoperiodic change. In M. Menaker (ed.) Biochronometry: Proceedings of a Symposium (National Academy of Sciences: Washington, DC), pp. 428-447.

Sharp, P.J. 1996. Strategies in avian breeding cycles. Animal Reproduction Science 42: 505-513.

——— 2005. Photoperiodic regulation of seasonal breeding in birds. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1040: 189-199.

Sharp, P.J., and D. Blache 2003. A neuroendocrine model for prolactin as the key mediator of seasonal breeding in birds under long- and short-day photoperiods. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 81: 350-358.

Sharp, P.J., A. Dawson, and R.W. Lea 1998. Control of luteinizing hormone and prolactin secretion in birds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C 119: 275-282.

Silver, R., and J. Robert B. Norgren 1987. Circadian rhythms in avian reproduction. In D. Crews (ed.) Psychobiology of Reproductive Behavior: An Evolutionary Perspective (Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, N.J.), pp. 120-147.

Silverin, B., and A. Goldsmith 1997. Natural and photoperiodically induced changes in plasma prolactin levels in male Great Tits. General and Comparative Endocrinology 105: 145-154.

Silverin, B., J.C. Wingfield, K.-A. Stokkan, R. Massa, A. Järvinen, N.-Å. Andersson, M. Lambrechts, A. Sorace, and D. Blomqvist 2008. Ambient temperature effects on photo induced gonadal cycles and hormonal secretion patterns in Great Tits from three different breeding latitudes. Hormones and Behavior 54: 60-68.

Takahashi, J.S., H. Hamm, and M. Menaker 1980. Circadian rhythms of melatonin release from individual superfused chicken pineal glands in vitro. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 77: 2319-2322.

Underwood, H., C.T. Steele, and B. Zivkovic 2001. Circadian organization and the role of the pineal in birds. Microscopy Research and Technique 53: 48-62.

Verhulst, S., and J.A. Nilsson 2007. The timing of birds’ breeding seasons: a review of experiments that manipulated timing of breeding. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 363: 399-410.

Visser, M.E., L.J.M. Holleman, and S.P. Caro 2009. Temperature has a causal effect on avian timing of reproduction. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 276(1665): 2323-2331.

Vizcarra, J., R. Alan, and J. Kirby 2015. Reproduction in male birds. In C.G. Scanes (ed.) Sturkie’s Avian Physiology. 6th ed. (Academic Press: San Diego, CA), Ch. 29, pp. 667-693.

Wang, G., C.E. Harpole, A.K. Trivedi, and V.M. Cassone 2012. Circadian regulation of bird song, call, and locomotor behavior by pineal melatonin in the Zebra Finch. Journal of Biological Rhythms 27: 145-155.

Wilson, F.E., and R.S. Donham 1988. Daylength and the control of seasonal reproduction in male birds. In M.H. Stetson (ed.) Processing of Environmental Information in Vertebrates (Springer-Verlag: Berlin), pp. 101-120.

Wingfield, J.C. 2005. Flexibility in annual cycles of birds: implications for endocrine control mechanisms. Journal of Ornithology 146: 291-304.

Wingfield, J.C., T.P. Hahn, D.L. Maney, S.J. Schoech, M. Wada, and M.L. Morton 2003. Effects of temperature on photoperiodically induced reproductive development, circulating plasma luteinizing hormone and thyroid hormones, body mass, fat deposition and molt in mountain white-crowned sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha. General and Comparative Endocrinology 131: 143-158.

Wingfield, J.C., and M.C. Moore 1987. Hormonal, social, and environmental factors in the reproductive biology of free-living male birds. In D. Crews (ed.) Psychobiology of Reproductive Behavior: An Evolutionary Perspective (Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ), pp. 148-175.

Wingfield, J.C., and B. Silverin 2002. Ecophysiological Studies of Hormone-Behavior Relations in Birds. In D.W. Pfaff, A.P. Arnold, S.E. Fahrbach, A.M. Etgen and R.T. Rubin (eds.) Hormones, Brain and Behavior. 1st ed. (Academic Press: San Diego), pp. 587-647.

Winkler, D.W. 2004. Nests, eggs, and young: breeding biology of birds. In S. Podulka, J. Ronald W. Rohrbaugh and R. Bonney (eds.) Handbook of Bird Biology, 2nd ed. (Cornell Lab of Ornithology: Ithaca, NY), Ch. 8, pp. 8-1 – 8-152.

——— 2016. Breeding biology of birds. In I.J. Lovette and J.W. Fitzpatrick (eds.) Handbook of Bird Biology. 3rd ed. (Cornell University Press: Cornell, NY), Ch. 11, pp. 407-450.

Woller, A., and D. Gonze 2013. The bird circadian clock: insights from a computational model. Journal of Biological Rhythms 28: 390-402.

Yoshimura, T. 2010. Neuroendocrine mechanism of seasonal reproduction in birds and mammals. Animal Science Journal 81: 403-410.

Yoshimura, T., S. Yasuo, Y. Suzuki, E. Makino, Y. Yokota, and S. Ebihara 2001. Identification of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in Birds. The American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 280: R1185-R1189.

Zatz, M., and D.A. Mullen 1988. Norepinephrine, acting via adenylate cyclase, inhibits melatonin output but does not phase-shift the pacemaker in cultured chick pineal cells. Brain Research 450: 137-143.

Zimecki, M. 2006. The lunar cycle: effects on human and animal behavior and physiology. Postepy higieny i medycyny doswiadczalnej 60: 1-7.

Zimmerman, N.H., and M. Menaker 1979. The pineal gland: a pacemaker within the circadian system of the house sparrow. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 76: 999-1003.

1