Bald Eagles
Buehler, D. A. 2000. Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), version 2.0. In: Birds of North America, P.G. Rodewald, ed. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York.
Dawe, N.K. 2016. Cooperative breeding by the Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. British Columbia Birds 26:35-40.
Fraser, J.D. and L.D. Frenzel 1983. Three adult Bald Eagles at an active nest. Raptor Research 17: 29-30.
Front Range Nesting Bald Eagle Studies. The CR16 Nest.
Front Range Nesting Bald Eagle Studies. The Erie Nest.
Garcelon, D. and P. Sharpe 1994-2007. Bald Eagle Restoration on the California Channel Islands reports to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Garcelon, D.K., G.L. Slater, and C.D. Danilson 1995. Cooperative nesting by a trio of Bald Eagles. Journal of Raptor Research 29: 210-213.
Heglund, P.J. and B. Reiswig 1980. 1980 Raptor Survey: The Breeding Bald Eagle Population, Amchitka Island, Alaska. Aleutian Islands Unit, Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Adak, Alaska, Alaska Region.
Hopkins, D.A., G.S. Mersereau, and A.C. Nordell 1999. A third adult again assists at a Connecticut Bald Eagle nest. The Connecticut Warbler 19: 26-27.
Hopkins, D.A., G.S. Mersereau, and M.J. O’Leary 1993. A third adult Bald Eagle takes an active part in raising young eagles in Connecticut. The Connecticut Warbler 13: 114-116.
Hopkins, D.A., G.S. Mersereau, and M.J. O’Leary 1995. A third adult Bald Eagles replaces a nesting eagle. The Connecticut Warbler 15: 114-115.
Nye, P.E. 1994. Polygamy in Bald Eagles. (Abstracts of presentations made at the annual meeting of the Raptor Research Foundation, Inc., held at Charlotte, North Carolina, on 3-7 November 1993). Journal of Raptor Research 23: 63.
Ortego, B., C. Gregory, and D. Schmidt 2006. Bald Eagles in Texas. Texas Birds Annual 2: 11-14.
Ortego, B., C. Gregory, and D. Schmidt 2009. Texas Bald Eagles. Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society 42: 1-17.
Pennsylvania Game Commission, Sweigarts Island Wildlife Management Area, Liverpool, PA. “Gertie’s Notch Nest” Facebook page.
Sherrod, S.K., C.M. White, and F.S.L. Williamson 1976. Biology of the Bald Eagle on Amchitka Island, Alaska. Living Bird 15: 143-182.
Stewards of the Upper Mississippi River Refuge. Bald Eagle Nest Cam.
Raptors
Bednarz, J.C. and J.D. Ligon 1988. A study of the ecological bases of cooperative breeding in the Harris’ hawk. Ecology 69: 1176-1187.
Bergo, G. 1988. Trios in the golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos (L.). Fauna Norvegica Series C Cinclus 11: 40-44.
Boal, C.W. and R.L. Spaulding 2000. Helping at a Cooper’s hawk nest. Wilson Bulletin 112: 275-277.
Bos, J. and T. van Kooten 1993. Brood sharing of two female sparrowhawks Accipter nisus. Limosa 66: 161-163.
Cosnette, B.L. 1991. Apparent bigamy in merlins and co-operation of two females with large young. North-East Scotland Bird Report 1991: 74-75.
Dawson, J.A. and R.W. Mannan 1991. Dominance hierarchies and helper contributions in Harris’ hawks. Auk 108: 649-660.
Dawson, J.W. and R.W. Mannan 1991. The role of territoriality in the social organization of Harris’ hawks. Auk 661-672.
Faaborg, J. and J.C. Bednarz 1990. Galápagos and Harris’ hawks: divergent causes of sociality in two raptors. In: Cooperative Breeding in Birds, ed. P.. Stacey and W.D. Koenig. Cambridge University Press.
Fisher, P.R., S.F. Newton, H.M.A. Tatwany, and C.R. Goldspink 2001. The status and breeding biology of the osprey Pandion haliaetus in the Middle East. Vogelwelt 122: 191-204.
Griffiths, C.S., G.F. Barrowclough, J.G. Groth, and L. Mertz 2004. Phylogeny of the Falconidae (Aves): a comparison of the efficacy of morphological, mitochondrial, and nuclear data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32: 101-109.
Harper, D. 1991.Two male kestrels at same nest. British Birds 84: 221-222.
Johnson, B.S. 1997. Reproductive success, relatedness, and mating patterns of colonial burrowing owls. Raptor Research Report 9: 64-67.
Kimball, R.T., P.G. Parker, and J.C. Bednarz 2003. Occurrence and evolution of cooperative breeding among the diurnal raptors (Accipitridae and Falconidae). The Auk 120: 717-729.
Kurosawa, T. and R. Kurosawa 2003. A helper at the nest of peregrine falcons in northern Japan. Journal of Raptor Research 37: 340-342.
Marks, J.S., J.L. Dickinson, and J. Haydock 2002. Serial polyandry and alloparenting in long-eared owls. Condor 104: 202-204.
Packham, C. 1985. Bigamy by the kestrel. British Birds 78: 194.
Parker, J.W. and M. Ports 1982. Helping at the nest by yearling Mississippi kites. Raptor Research 16:14-17.
Pavez, E.F. 2001. Breeding biology of the black-chested eagle Geranoaetus melanoleucus (Aves: Accipitridae) in central Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 74: 687-697.
Simmons, R., P. Barnard, B. MacWhirter, and G.L. Hansen 1986. The influence of microtines on polygyny, productivity, age and provisioning of breeding northern harriers: a 5-year study. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64: 2447-2456.
Smith, D.G. and E. Hiestand 1990. Alloparenting at an eastern screech-owl nest. Condor 92: 246-247.
Tingay, R.E., M. Culver, E.M. Hallerman, J.D. Fraser, and R.T. Watson 2002. Subordinate males sire offspring in Madagascar fish-eagle (Haliaeetus vociferoides) polyandrous breeding groups. Journal of Raptor Research 36: 280-286.
Walker, D.G. 1987. Nest-help and possible polygyny by peregrines. British Birds 80: 113.
General
Alcock, John 2016. Avian mating and social behavior. In: Handbook of Bird Biology, 3rd ed., eds. I.J. Lovette, and J.W. Fitzpatrick. Cornell University, Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Chichester, West Sussex, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Pp. 313-353.
Arnold, K.E. and I.P.F. Owens 1998. Cooperative breeding in birds: a comparative test of the life history hypothesis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 265: 739-745.
Arnold, K.E. and I.P.F. Owens 1999. Cooperative breeding in birds: the role of ecology. Behavioral Ecology 10: 465-471.
Birds of North America Online, P.G. Rodewald, ed. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York.
Brown, J.L. 1969. Territorial behavior and population regulation in birds, a review and re-evaluation. Wilson Bulletin 81: 293-329.
Brown, J.L. 1978. Avian communal breeding systems. Annual Review of ecology and Systematics 9: 123–155.
Cockburn, A. 2004. Mating systems and sexual conflict. In: Ecology and Evolution of Cooperative Breeding in Birds, ed. W.D. Koenig and J.L. Dickinson. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. Pp. 81-101.
Cockburn, A. 2006. Prevalence of different modes of parental care in birds. Proceedings of The Royal Society B 273: 1375-1383.
Cockburn, A. and A.F. Russell 2011. Cooperative breeding: A question of climate? Current Biology 21: R195-R197.
Ekman, J., Baglione, V., Eggers, S. and Griesser, M. 2001. Delayed dispersal: living under the reign of nepotistic parents. Auk, 118: 1–10.
Emlen, S.T. 1982. The evolution of helping. I. An ecological constraints model and II. The role of behavioral conflict. The American Naturalist 119: 29-53.
Griesser, M., S.M. Drobniak, S. Nakagawa, and C.A. Botero 2017. Family living sets the stage for cooperative breeding and ecological resilience in birds. PLOS Biology 15: 32000483.
Hatchwell, B.J. 2009. The evolution of cooperative breeding in birds: kinship, dispersal and life history. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 364: 3217-3227.
Hatchwell, B.J. and J. Komdeur 2000. Ecological constraints, life history traits and the evolution of cooperative breeding. Animal Behaviour 59: 1079-1086.
Jetz, W. and D.R. Rubenstein 2011. Environmental uncertainty and the global biogeography of cooperative breeding in birds. Current Biology 21: 72-78.
Kingma, S.A. 2017. Direct benefits explain interspecific variation in helping behaviour among cooperatively breeding birds. Nature Communications 8: 1094.
Koenig, W.D. 2017. What drives cooperative breeding? PLOS Biology 15: 32002965.
Koenig, W.D. and J.L. Dickinson 2004. Introduction. In: Ecology and Evolution of Cooperative Breeding in Birds, ed. W.D. Koenig and J.L. Dickinson. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. Pp. 1-4
Koenig, W.D. and J.L. Dickinson, eds. 2004. Ecology and Evolution of Cooperative Breeding in Birds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England
Koenig, W.D. and F.A. Pitelka 1981. Ecological factors and kin selection in the evolution of cooperative breeding in birds. In: Natural Selection and Social Behavior: Recent Research and New Theory, ed. R. D. Alexander and D. W. Tinkle. New York, NY: Chiron Press. Pp. 261–280.
Koenig, W. D., F.A. Pitelka, W.J. Carmen, R.L. Mumme, and M.T. Stanback 1992. The evolution of delayed dispersal in cooperative breeders. The Quarterly Review of Biology 67: 111–150.
Ligon, J.D. and D.B. Burt 2004. Evolutionary origins. In: Ecology and Evolution of Cooperative Breeding in Birds, ed. W.D. Koenig and J.L. Dickinson. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. Pp. 5-33.
Pruett-Jones, S. 2004. Summary. In: Ecology and Evolution of Cooperative Breeding in Birds, ed. W.D. Koenig and J.L. Dickinson. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. Pp. 228-238.
Ricklefs, R.E. 1975. The evolution of co-operative breeding in birds. Ibis 227: 531-534.
Ricklefs, R. E. and Starck, J. M. (1998). The evolution of the development mode in birds. In: Avian Growth and Development: Evolution Within the Altricial–Precocial Spectrum, ed. J.M. Starck and R.E. Ricklefs. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. 366–380.
Riehl, C. 2013. Evolutionary routes to non-kin cooperative breeding in birds. Proceedings of The Royal Society B 280: 20132245.
Rubenstein, D.R. and I.J. Lovette 2007. Temporal environmental variability drives the evolution of cooperative breeding in birds. Current Biology 17: 1414-1419.
Shen, S-F., S.T. Emlen, W.D. Koenig, and D.R. Rubenstein 2017. The ecology of cooperative breeding behaviour. Ecology Letters 20:708-720.
Stacey, P.B. and W.D. Koenig, eds. 1990. Cooperative Breeding in Birds: Long-term Studies of Ecology and Behavior. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
Stacey, P.B. and J.D. Ligon 1991. The benefits-of-philopatry hypothesis for the evolution of cooperative breeding: variation in territory quality and group size effects. The American Naturalist 137: 831–846.